Introduction
Article XIX of the GATT 1994 permits the member to impose safeguard duties, in exceptional circumstances, where increased imports ‘cause’ or ‘threaten to cause’ serious injury to domestic industry. Within the WTO, safeguards constitute one of the limited trade-remedial mechanisms available to Members, apart from anti-dumping and countervailing measures. Yet, the entry into force…
A distinct bias in International Law underlines feminist international legal theory, and constitutes the prerequisite for the exercise of a sweeping and often comprehensive critique of the entire structure of international law. As Ms. Swati Parmar mentions in one of her lectures, many She(s) have been turned into He(s). Law is male as it takes…
Introduction
After more than two decades of negotiations, the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (“AFS”) entered into force in September 2025. It applies to marine wild capture fishing and fishing-related activities at sea and prohibits harmful subsidies that contribute to overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and fishing on the…
Introduction
The investor-state dispute settlement system (‘ISDS’) has been an asymmetrical regime, often making investment arbitration an instrument of advancing the interests of investors of economically developed states. It has been argued that counterclaims by host States can serve as a potential balancing mechanism, making the regime less biased and also increase State’s…
Dr Sofia Stolk is an Assistant Professor at VU Amsterdam and a research fellow at the Asser Institute, whose work explores how international law is seen, staged, and experienced through visual media. Dr. Renske Vos is an Assistant Professor at VU Amsterdam, working at the intersection of socio-legal studies of international law and governance. Together,…
Introduction
Since 2015, the number of countries with national security-based foreign direct investment (FDI) screening regimes has more than doubled. This expansion comes along with the broad regulatory touchstones, such as national security, public order, or national interest. These frameworks stem from concerns that cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) don’t merely seek economic objectives…
Introduction
International law is built on the concept of State and its sovereignty, which also includes airspace sovereignty. Airspace sovereignty has been analyzed in two separate contexts over the years. Firstly, each state has exclusive sovereignty over its airspace and complete discretion as to the admission of any overflight, and secondly, airspace above the high…
The Russo-Ukrainian armed conflict has brought maritime warfare back to the centre of international legal debate, particularly in the context of the Black Sea. Unlike classical naval conflicts, which primarily involved state-owned warships and direct naval engagements, the contemporary conflict has transformed civilian maritime commerce into a site of strategic contestation. Third-state merchant vessels, routinely…
Recently, a free trade agreement, the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA), was signed between India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), taking effect on October 1, 2025. This agreement was formally signed in March 2024 following a 17-year-long negotiation. The first round of discussions took place in 2008, when an attempt was made…
Preface
Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) has emerged as a prominent method of marine geoengineering, designed to accelerate the ocean’s natural absorption of carbon dioxide through the dissolution of alkaline substances. Unlike iron fertilization, OAE alters seawater chemistry in ways that may have unpredictable ecological consequences. Proposals for pilot projects in areas beyond national jurisdiction…
