The exclusion of shareholders in a Spanish limited liability company is an exceptional legal mechanism that allows the company to force the exit of one of its shareholders when there is a sufficient legal or statutory cause. It should not be confused with the shareholder’s right of withdrawal. In a withdrawal scenario, it is the…

Artificial intelligence is already part of the day-to-day operations of many companies: text generation tools, data analysis, process automation, customer scoring, recruitment systems, chatbots, recommendation engines and predictive marketing solutions. However, what many businesses have so far treated as a purely technological issue is quickly becoming a legal priority.
The European Artificial Intelligence Regulation, known…

The first funding rounds represent one of the most important moments in a startup’s life. Securing investment not only means obtaining capital to grow, but also opening the door to new legal, financial, and corporate obligations that founders often do not have fully structured. Precisely because of this lack of preparation, it is common for…

Pressing the transcription button in a meeting and receiving the minutes minutes later has become standard practice in many organisations. What frequently goes unnoticed is that behind this convenience lies personal data processing with concrete legal obligations. The Spanish Data Protection Authority (AEPD) addressed this in two articles published on its blog in January…

In this context of increasing digitalization, the way in which personal reputation is built, disseminated and protected has undergone a transformation. The right to honor, traditionally linked to protection against insults or defamation in physical media, now faces far more complex challenges. Instant virality, content manipulation and the almost indefinite permanence of information have become…

During the first years following the entry into force of Law 2/2023, of 20 February, regulating the protection of persons who report regulatory infringements, many organisations treated compliance with the whistleblowing channel as a formality: publishing a platform, drafting a policy and designating a responsible officer. That approach is no longer sufficient, and in 2026…

Real estate investment remains one of the most reliable strategies for building and preserving wealth. In recent years, participation accounts (cuentas en participación) have gained traction as a flexible and efficient way to invest in property without directly acquiring assets or setting up a company. This structure allows investors to access real estate opportunities with…