The concepts of face value and market value are among the most important fundamentals in company law and stock market investments. Both terms relate to the value of shares, but their meaning, purpose, and impact are entirely different. Face value is connected with the legal and accounting structure of a company, whereas market value reflects…

Rights Entitlement (RE) has become an important concept in the Indian securities market after the introduction of electronic rights issue mechanisms. It allows existing shareholders to receive and trade their entitlement to subscribe to additional shares offered by a company. The system has simplified the rights issue process, reduced timelines, and improved market participation. Understanding…

The relationship between the right to privacy and freedom of press has become one of the most debated constitutional issues in modern democracies. In a society driven by television debates, digital journalism, social media reporting, and instant news circulation, conflicts between individual privacy and media freedom arise frequently. Courts across the world, including in India,…

The growth of social media platforms has transformed digital marketing in India. Businesses increasingly rely on influencers to promote products, services, applications, events, and brands through platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, LinkedIn, and X. Influencer marketing has become a major commercial activity, leading to the rise of detailed contractual relationships between influencers and brands.…

The Companies Act, 2013 introduced a strict and detailed framework to ensure transparency, accountability and ethical corporate governance in India. The Act not only regulates the formation and management of companies but also prescribes punishments for fraud, false statements, repeated defaults and other violations. These penal provisions play an important role in protecting shareholders, creditors,…

The Companies Act, 2013 introduced a specialised mechanism for the speedy trial of corporate offences through Special Courts. Corporate frauds, non-compliance, securities violations, and governance failures often involve technical legal and financial issues that require specialised adjudication. To ensure faster disposal of such matters and reduce delays in ordinary criminal courts, the Act created Special…

Paid-up share capital is a fundamental concept in company law and corporate finance. It represents the actual amount of money that a company has received from its shareholders in exchange for shares issued. This concept is crucial in understanding the financial strength, ownership structure, and capital base of a company. In modern corporate practice, companies…