Oh… that there is like tremendous reason for optimism. That like the, the, the America’s best days are ahead of it. That the world is going to get much better. That there are, that kids coming outta school now are much sharper and more capable than my generation. There is no reason that this can’t be a golden age.
Weiss asks “How will we know if America has won?” Andreessen says:
Oh, I mean, there will be economic indicators. There will be, you know, foreign competition indicators, you know, reduction of war, you know, economic growth will be two big ones. And then a lot of this is, I think, national spirit and psychology, animal spirits, enthusiasm, positivity, excitement.
Animal spirits! I had to look it up. There’s a Wikipedia article “Animal spirits,” and it turns out to be one of the most interesting Wikipedia articles I’ve ever stumbled across (and all because I thought it sounded quirky and woo-woo!):
Animal spirits is a term used by John Maynard Keynes in his 1936 book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money to describe the instincts, proclivities and emotions that seemingly influence human behavior, which can be measured in terms of consumer confidence.
Here’s what Keynes wrote (I’ve added boldface):
Even apart from the instability due to speculation, there is the instability due to the characteristic of human nature that a large proportion of our positive activities depend on spontaneous optimism rather than on a mathematical expectation, whether moral or hedonistic or economic. Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be drawn out over many days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spirits – of a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the outcome of a weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilities.
And we’re given this, from a 2009 William Safire “On Language” column:
The phrase that Keynes made famous in economics has a long history. “Physitions teache that there ben thre kindes of spirites”, wrote Bartholomew Traheron in his 1543 translation of a text on surgery, “animal, vital, and natural. The animal spirite hath his seate in the brayne … called animal, bycause it is the first instrument of the soule, which the Latins call animam.” William Wood in 1719 was the first to apply it in economics: “The Increase of our Foreign Trade…whence has arisen all those Animal Spirits, those Springs of Riches which has enabled us to spend so many millions for the preservation of our Liberties.” Hear, hear. Novelists seized its upbeat sense with enthusiasm. Daniel Defoe, in “Robinson Crusoe”: “That the surprise may not drive the Animal Spirits from the Heart.” Jane Austen used it to mean “ebullience” in “Pride and Prejudice”: “She had high animal spirits.”…
So much meat. So much optimism. All those animal spirits.