In the absence of any finding that Markou had failed to comply with any Statement of Principle as alleged, the UT determined that the appropriate action for the FCA to take was not to impose any financial penalty or prohibition on Markou at all.

Unusually, and perhaps indicating the level of concern inside the regulator as to the implications of this decision setting a precedent, the FCA made a strong public statement that it believed UT’s decision to be “incorrect and irrational”, and would be seeking permission to appeal.

A second set of decisions relates to the FCA’s case against three senior individuals previously employed by Julius Baer, a Swiss-headquartered private bank.

In February 2022, the FCA concluded a case against the bank itself with a fine of £18mn relating to certain foreign exchange transactions and associated finders’ fees.

The bank entered a settlement with the FCA at an early stage. In the public Final Notice against the bank, the FCA placed significant reliance on the knowledge and actions of the three individuals, each of whom received Decision Notices in relation to such decisions.

The FCA, through the RDC, found that all three individuals lacked integrity, although on different bases: one individual was found to have acted naively; another had made a mistake due to being a “weak manager”; and the third had placed reliance on subordinates. They were issued with prohibition orders (banning them from participating in regulated business).

The three individuals referred the FCA’s decision to the UT, which was not satisfied that the FCA had demonstrated recklessness or lack of integrity, and ordered the FCA to reconsider its decision.

In this regard, the UT made a number of helpful remarks that should go some way to clarifying the appropriate test to be used for establishing recklessness.

Rejecting the FCA’s argument that a finding of recklessness could be made where a reasonable person would have appreciated the risk presented, the UT held that it is in fact necessary to show that the individual did actually appreciate the risk and then to assess whether it was reasonable in the circumstances for that individual to ignore it.

The practical implication of this is likely to be to significantly raise the bar for the FCA in alleging recklessness.

The UT’s judgment is also particularly critical of the FCA’s actions in relying heavily on the evidence of another individual without calling the individual as a witness; the UT also makes a number of significant wider criticisms of the way in which the FCA handled the case.

Coming so soon after the Markou decision, this case is likely to have a significant impact on the FCA’s future cases against individuals. Such cases have historically been difficult for the FCA, and the impact of this decision is that they will become even more challenging.

In particular, where the FCA is alleging recklessness or a lack of integrity, it will need to scrutinise its evidence more thoroughly than ever before, and will have to assess much more carefully whether prohibition orders are legally appropriate and defensible.

The case also highlights the risk for firms in reaching an early settlement with the FCA in circumstances where no action is ultimately taken against the individuals.

BlueCrest

In this case, the FCA fined BlueCrest Capital Management £40.8mn in consequence of an alleged breach of Principle 8 relating to a failure to manage fairly a conflict of interest.

As part of its case, the FCA also decided to impose a requirement on BlueCrest to undertake redress for its non-US clients who had suffered loss as a result of its failings.

BlueCrest referred the decision and the redress requirement directly to the UT, electing to dispense with the RDC entirely.

The UT’s written judgment was at times scathing, labelling the FCA’s Decision Notice as “not an impressive document”, and stating that it “demonstrates a considerable amount of muddled thinking on the part of the Authority and a lack of clarity as to the reasons it gives for its conclusion that there has been a breach of Principle 8”. This caused the UT to struggle to identify for itself the essence of the FCA’s reasoning.

Holding that the FCA’s single firm redress case had no reasonable prospect of success in establishing any actionable loss, the UT ultimately decided that the FCA’s redress application should be struck out, allowing BlueCrest to avoid paying back potential sums of more than US$700mn (£560.9mn).

During the UT proceedings, the FCA also made an application to amend its statement of case.

BlueCrest opposed many of the FCA’s proposed amendments. On this point, the UT found that some of the amendments were not of the same nature as allegations contained, or referred to, in the FCA’s Warning Notice or Decision Notice, and therefore that it did not have jurisdiction to allow those amendments.

This is likely to have a significant bearing on future UT cases, particularly where the FCA seeks to change its position from that advanced at the Warning/Decision Notice stage.

Analysis

While there will always be peaks and troughs where contested enforcement is concerned, particularly where “grey areas” of the law are engaged, the three decisions we have highlighted relate to some core aspects of the FCA’s enforcement strategy.

They also raise questions as to the role of the RDC in the process. Persons under investigation may be tempted to save costs and time by skipping the RDC stage altogether and proceeding directly to the Tribunal.

Since the drastic reduction of the role of the RDC in non-enforcement cases two years ago, it may now struggle to find a meaningful role in enforcement cases if it comes to be seen as little more than a rubber stamp for case teams’ opinions. 

The Markou and Julius Baer decisions are likely to make prohibitions against individuals more difficult than ever for the regulator to pursue or maintain, particularly where it is alleging recklessness or a lack of integrity.

The Tribunal has made it clear that sanctions against individuals require clear and compelling evidence. Given the lack of recent outcomes against individuals, this is not likely to be welcome news at the regulator.

It will be particularly revealing to watch closely the progress of the FCA’s appeal in Markou (if this indeed materialises), as well as to examine any future cases in which these issues arise.

The BlueCrest case, which was against a corporate entity, highlights a number of technical points, but also indicates some concerning failures in the way the FCA prepared its case, including in relation to its legal analysis, its handling of the disclosure exercise and the time taken from opening the case to issuing of a Decision Notice.

The UT did not hold back in its very public criticism of these failures. Perhaps this was one reason that BlueCrest took a strategic decision to avoid the private RDC stage and move straight to a public case before the UT.

The FCA may now, understandably, want to take some time to step back and analyse these three decisions and what they mean for the agency’s future approach to enforcement, particularly as its newly appointed executive directors will be keen to put their own stamp on the directorate and its current and future cases.

This article was first published in FT Adviser on September 11 2023.

Further information

If you have any questions regarding this blog, please contact James Alleyne or Phil Taylor in our Criminal team.

 

About the authors

James Alleyne is Legal Director in the firm’s Financial Services Group. He advises clients on the full spectrum of financial services and FCA-related matters, including on authorisation applications, perimeter and supervisory issues, enforcement investigations and cases before the Regulatory Decisions Committee and Upper Tribunal.

Phil Taylor is an experienced white collar crime solicitor and Higher Rights advocate, with particular specialisms in anti-bribery, fraud, tax evasion, anti-money laundering and investigations.